Association between support system and suicidal ideation among individuals with severe psychiatric disorders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29120/IJPSW.2025.v16.i2.685Keywords:
Severe Mental Illness, Social Support, SuicideAbstract
Background: Caregiving for individuals with mental illness is one of the most difficult jobs among family members. The social and financial costs associated with mental illnesses are considerable for those who suffer from them, their families, and their communities. Aim: This study aimed to assess and compare the levels of burden experienced by family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. Methodology: A cross-sectional hospital-based descriptive research design was used in the study. The convenience sampling method was adopted to select 90 caregivers of severe psychiatric disorders, 45 individuals with Schizophrenia (Group-1) and 45 Bipolar Affective Disorders (Group-2). Participants were evaluated using a self-prepared socio-demographic datasheet and a family burden interview schedule (FBIS). Results: The mean age of the participants was in group-1 41.02 ±
11.63 years and group-2 35.97 ± 12.39 years. Results show that there was a significant difference level (p<.001) in various domains of FBIS among participants of both groups. Conclusion: Family caregivers take on several responsibilities when it comes to caring for people with mental illnesses when there is a lack of proper mental health infrastructure available.
References
World Health Organization. Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates. Geneva: WHO; 2019.
National Crime Record Bureau. Accidental deaths and suicides in India. New Delhi: Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India; 2009.
Gajalakshmi V, Peto R. Suicide rates in rural Tamil Nadu, South India: Verbal autopsy of 39000 deaths in 1997-98. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(2):203–7.
Steinwachs DM, Kasper J, Skinner E. Family Perspectives on Meeting the Needs for Care of Severely Mentally Ill Relatives: A National Survey. Baltimore: School of Public Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University; 1992.
Caldwell CB, Gottesman II. Schizophrenics kill themselves too: a review of risk factors for suicide. Schizophr Bull. 1990;16(4):571–89.
Tanney BL. Psychiatric diagnoses and suicidal acts. In: Maris RW, Berman AL, Silverman MM, editors. Comprehensive Textbook of Suicidology. New York: Guilford Press; 2000. p. 311–41.
Limosin F, Loze JY, Philippe A, Casadebaig F, Rouillon F. Ten-year prospective follow-up study of the mortality by suicide in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res. 2007;94(1-3):23–8.
Robins E, Murphy GE, Wilkinson RH Jr, Gassner S, Kayes J. Some Clinical Considerations in the Prevention of Suicide Based on a Study of 134 Successful Suicides. Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1959;49(7):888–99.
Inskip H, Harris EC, Barraclough B. Lifetime risk of suicide for affective disorder, alcoholism and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1998;172:35–7.
Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB. Absolute risk of suicide after first hospital contact in mental disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(10):1058–64.
Stansfeld SA. Social support and social cohesion. In: Marmot M, Wilkinson RG, editors. Social Determinants of Health. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006. p. 148–71.
Pevalin DJ, Goldberg DP. Social precursors to onset and recovery from episodes of common mental illness. Psychol Med. 2003;33(2):299–306.
Kendler KS, Walters EE, Kessler RC. The prediction of length of major depressive episodes: results from an epidemiological sample of female twins. Psychol Med. 1997;27(1):107–17.
Radhakrishnan R, Andrade C. Suicide: an Indian perspective. Indian J Psychiatry. 2012;54(4):304.
Ponnudurai R, Jeyakar J, Saraswathy M. Attempted suicides in Madras. Indian J Psychiatry. 1986;28(1):59-62.
Khan FA, Anand B, Devi MG, Murthy KK. Psychological autopsy of suicide—a cross-sectional study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2005;47(2):73-8.
Kang JH, Shin TS. The effects of adolescents’ stress on suicidal ideation: focusing on the moderating and mediating effects of depression and social support. Korean J Youth Stud. 2015;22(5):27–51.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: WHO; 1993.
Nehra R, Kulhara P, Verma SK. Adaptation of social support questionnaire in Hindi. Indian J Clin Psychol. 1996;23:33–9.
Beck AT, Kovacs M, Weissman A. Assessment of suicidal intention: the Scale for Suicide Ideation. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1979;47(2):343-52.
Radomsky ED, Haas GL, Mann JJ, Sweeney JA. Suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(10):1590–5.
Roy A. Depression, attempted suicide, and suicide in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1986;9(1):193–206.
Drake R, Whitaker A, Gates C, Cotton P. Suicide among schizophrenics: a review. Compr Psychiatry. 1985;26(1):90–100.
Caldwell CB, Gottesman II. Schizophrenia—A high-risk factor for suicide: Clues to risk reduction. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1992;22(4):479–93.
Maris RW, Silverman MM, Canetto SS. Review of suicidology, 1997. New York: Guilford Press; 1997.
Radomsky ED, Haas GL, Mann JJ, Sweeney JA. Suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(10):1590–5.
Pompili M, Gonda X, Serafini G, Innamorati M, Sher L, Amore M, et al. Epidemiology of suicide in bipolar disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Bipolar Disord. 2013;15(5):457–90.
Rihmer Z, Gonda X, Döme P. The assessment and management of suicide risk in bipolar disorder. In: The Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: Integrative Clinical Strategies and Future Directions. 2017. p. 207.
Baer RA, Peters JR, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Geiger PJ, Sauer SE. Emotion-related cognitive processes in borderline personality disorder: a review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(5):359–69.
Kleiman EM, Liu RT. Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. J Affect Disord. 2013;150(2):540–5.
Sokero P, Eerola M, Rytsälä H, Melartin T, Leskelä U, Lestelä-Mielonen P, et al. Decline in suicidal ideation among patients with MDD is preceded by decline in depression and hopelessness. J Affect Disord. 2006;95(1-3):95–102.
Ben-Zeev D, Young MA, Depp CA. Real-time predictors of suicidal ideation: mobile assessment of hospitalized depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 2012;197(1-2):55-9.
Pandey AR, Bista B, Dhungana RR, Aryal KK, Chalise B, Dhimal M. Factors associated with suicidal ideation and suicidal attempts among adolescent students in Nepal: Findings from Global School-based Students Health Survey. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0210383.
Cheng Y, Tao M, Riley L, Kann L, Ye L, Tian X, et al. Protective factors relating to decreased risks of adolescent suicidal behaviour. Child Care Health Dev. 2009;35(3):313–22.
Kumar PS, George B. Life events, social support, coping strategies, and quality of life in attempted suicide: A case-control study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(1):46–51
Rowe JL, Conwell Y, Schulberg HC, Bruce ML. Social support and suicidal ideation in older adults using home healthcare services. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006;14(9):758–66.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Nitin Antony, Satabdi Chakraborty , Lokesh Shekhawat, Tanuja Bhardwaj, Upendra Singh

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.