A case study of ADHD with co-occurring elimination disorder in a seven-year-old girl

Abstract

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is frequently identified as the predominant neurodevelopmental disorder among children. It is important to note that ADHD commonly co-occurs with other conditions, such as Elimination Disorders, including Enuresis and Encopresis. We are presenting the case of a seven-year-old adopted girl child with no birth history, exhibiting symptoms indicative of attention deficits, hyperactivity, and urinary and faecal incontinence. The adoptive mother informed that age-appropriate milestones were achieved at the time of adoption. The inattentiveness of the child was discovered at the age of six when she was in school. Her father passed away when the child was four years old. The child displayed delayed bladder and bowel control, in addition to being stubborn, restless, and disobedient. In an atmosphere of an abusive family for four years, the child was bullied by outsiders, exposed to the mother’s physical abuse, and showed poor academic performance at school. For the management of these behavioural issues, an effective intervention of behavioural modification including reinforcement, and parental counselling was employed. This case paints a picture that underscores the interplay of environmental factors, biological factors, and psychological factors.