Parental bonding among individuals with recurrent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder and healthy controls
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29120/ijpsw.2021.v12.i1.214Abstract
Background: The relationship between parents and children in early life has a significant determining role in the development of various aspects of mental health in human beings. This study aimed to have a comparative assessment of the quality of parental bonding among individuals with Recurrent Depressive Disorder (RDD), anxiety disorder and healthy controls while controlling the factors such as age, sex, and education. Materials and Method: This study was conducted at the Out-patient Department of a referral mental health care facility in India. The samples consisted of 30 individuals with the diagnosis of RDD, 30 individuals with Anxiety Disorder as per ICD-10-DCR and 30 matched healthy controls. Age ranged between 18-50 years. Parental bonding instrument was used to assess the parental bonding in all three groups. Results: The two groups RDD and anxiety disorder differed significantly from the healthy control group on maternal protection (χ2=42.643, p<0.001), paternal care (χ2=8.063, p=0.018) and protection (χ2=43.468, p<0.001) but did not differ significantly in terms of maternal care (χ2=0.449, p=0.799). Conclusion: Findings highlight the role of parental bonding in the etiology of RDD and anxiety disorders, which reflects the need for strengthening the healthy bonding between parents and children in order to prevent such psychiatric conditions.
Keywords: Parental bonding, recurrent depressive disorder, anxiety disorder
References
Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Sadness and depression (Vol. III). New York; 1980.
Baldwin MW. Relational schemas and the processing of social information. Psychol Bull 1992;112:461-84.
Beck AT. Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. Harper & Row, New York; 1967.
Ingram RE, Miranda J, Segal ZV. Cognitive vulnerability to depression. Guilford Press; 1998.
Fonagy P. Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. Routledge Publishers; 2018.
Gao J, Li Y, Cai Y, Chen J, Shen Y, Ni S, et al. Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women. Psychol Med 2012;42:921-30.
Valiente C, Romero N, Hervas G, Espinosa R. Evaluative beliefs as mediators of the relationship between parental bonding and symptoms of paranoia and depression.
Psychiatry Res 2013;215:75-81.
Long E, Aggen S, Gardner C, Kendler K. Differential parenting and risk for psychopathology: a monozygotic twin difference approach. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2015;50:1569-76.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. World Health Organization; 1993. 263 p.
Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960;23:56-62.
Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959;32:50-5.
Goldberg D, Williams P. General health questionnaire. Windsor, NFER;1978.
Parker G, Tupling H, Brown LB. Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).
Br J Med Psychol 1979;52:1-10.
Singh VK, Khess CRJ, Bhattacharjee D, Singh NK. Parental bonding among individuals with recurrent depressive disorder and normal controls: A comparative study. Indian J Health Wellbeing 2016;7:671-3.
Fentz HN, Arendt M, O’Toole MS, Rosenberg NK. Hougaard E. The role of depression in perceived parenting style among patients with anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord 2011;25:1095-101.
Picardi A, Caroppo E, Fabi E, Proietti S, Di Gennaro G, Meldolesi GN, et al. Attachment and parenting in adult patients with anxiety disorders. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2013;9:157-63.
Yap MBH, Pilkington PD, Ryan SM, Jorm AF. Parental factors associated with depression and anxiety in young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2014;156:8-23.
Narita T, Sato T, Hirano S, Gota M, Sakado K, Uehara T. Parental child-rearing behavior as measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument in a Japanese population: factor structure and relationship to a lifetime history of depression. J Affect Disord 2000;57:229-34.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Vinit Kumar Singh, CRJKhess, Dipanjan Bhattacharjee, Narendra Kumar Singh
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
